tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79383485073413566872024-02-08T08:32:50.669-08:00Proggramming C Basic IdeaThis blog is designed for academic purpose for learning basic ideas of c programming and it will not make a professional programmer. All contents and programmes are based on my personal experience and class lecture when I was studying civil engineering in Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET). As I'm not a computer engineering student I can not assure you 100% accuracy.
So I will be happy if you provide me comments and suggestions.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07912809743098793887noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7938348507341356687.post-30049880536672924442013-05-06T06:11:00.002-07:002013-05-06T06:11:27.822-07:00Basic Data Types<span style="font-size: large;">There are basic four data types</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">1. char</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">2. int</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3. float</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">4. double</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A varia<span style="font-size: large;">ble type <span style="font-size: large;">char is 8 bits long and can hold a character.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">A varia<span style="font-size: large;">ble type <span style="font-size: large;">int holds number with no fraction.(int came f<span style="font-size: large;">rom the word inte<span style="font-size: large;">ger). In 16 bit environment it can hold numbers value<span style="font-size: large;">d from -32768(to keep in mind easily by <span style="font-size: large;">(2<span style="font-size: large;">)^(16-1) ) to + 32<span style="font-size: large;">768. In 32 bits environm<span style="font-size: large;">ent it can hold numbers valued form -2147483648(=2^(32-1) ) to +2147483647.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">A variable type float and double holds numbers with fraction. The difference between f<span style="font-size: large;">loat and double is that double can hold<span style="font-size: large;"> number <span style="font-size: large;">valued t<span style="font-size: large;">wice larger than float.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span> </span></span> </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07912809743098793887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7938348507341356687.post-25375408281055128572013-05-06T06:00:00.003-07:002013-05-06T06:00:34.393-07:00Control Statement<span style="font-size: large;">control Statements are used to create special programme features such as logical test, loopoing a<span style="font-size: large;">nd branches. An example of control statement is </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> for<span style="font-size: large;">(i=0;i<=n;i++)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> { sum+=i }</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">This me<span style="font-size: large;">ans tha<span style="font-size: large;">t "i" is a n<span style="font-size: large;">u<span style="font-size: large;">mber which star<span style="font-size: large;">ts f<span style="font-size: large;">rom 0 and end<span style="font-size: large;">s at<span style="font-size: large;"> a number "n" which may be given to co<span style="font-size: large;">mputer manually and "sum+=i" means computer has to sum present va<span style="font-size: large;">lue of i with the previous.<span style="font-size: large;">For <span style="font-size: large;">example </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> for i=0 sum=0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> for i=1 <span style="font-size: large;">sum=0+1=1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> for i=2 sum=1+2=3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> for i=3 sum=3+3=6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> for i=4 sum=<span style="font-size: large;">6+4=10 and so on.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Note<span style="font-size: large;">:- Here "sum" itself does not means to sum a value. It is used to keep in mind easily. It can be written in other format<span style="font-size: large;"> as "x+=i".</span></span> </span> </span> </span> </span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span> </span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07912809743098793887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7938348507341356687.post-40624181617197910192013-05-06T05:49:00.001-07:002013-05-06T05:49:15.853-07:00Compound Statement<span style="font-size: large;">A comp<span style="font-size: large;">ound s<span style="font-size: large;">tatement consists of several statements enclosed in<span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: large;">a pair of secon<span style="font-size: large;">d bracket<span style="font-size: large;">s<span style="font-size: large;">. Such<span style="font-size: large;"> as-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> {cin>>a;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> sum=a+b;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> cout<<sum;}</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Each state<span style="font-size: large;">ment of a compound statement can be e<span style="font-size: large;">xpression statement, compound statement and cont<span style="font-size: large;">rol statement.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07912809743098793887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7938348507341356687.post-48828847886039277082013-05-06T05:42:00.002-07:002013-05-06T05:42:52.409-07:00Expression Statement<span style="font-size: large;">An expression stat<span style="font-size: large;">ement consists </span>of an<span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: large;">expression followed by a semicolon<span style="font-size: large;">. Such as</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> cin>>a>>b;</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Note:-<span style="font-size: large;"> cin and cout are used in C++ but they can be used in C programming and easier to use <span style="font-size: large;">than scanf and pr<span style="font-size: large;">intf.</span></span> </span> </span></span></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07912809743098793887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7938348507341356687.post-63415975377189732252013-05-06T05:32:00.000-07:002013-05-06T05:32:00.475-07:00Statement<span style="font-size: large;">Statement<span style="font-size: large;">s are thos<span style="font-size: large;">e which direct<span style="font-size: large;"> computer to carryout actions. Statements are of three types --</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">1.Expression Statement</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">2.Co<span style="font-size: large;">mpound Statement</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">3.Control Statement </span> </span></span></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07912809743098793887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7938348507341356687.post-91647599702656727862013-02-18T00:36:00.000-08:002013-05-06T05:34:05.780-07:00<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Time Sharing</span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Time sharing is a process which allows different users to use a single computer. The various users use the host computer through their own terminals. This terminal may be wired directly to the host computer, connected over the telephone line, a microwave circuit or earth satellite.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Machine Language:</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Is the most basic language, which is the collection of detailed, cryptic instruct that contrals the computer. It is not usually used. Because 1. it is difficult to work with 2. every computer has its unique machine language. Hence the programme written in on computer may not work in another computer.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Interpreter/Compiler: </span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">The programme written in high-level language must be translated in machine language before it execantes. An intrerpreter or compliler is a programme which accepts programme that translates the programme in machine language programme as output.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
ANSI-C</span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Early commercial implementation of C differed somewhat from Kernighan and Ritchie's original definit. This result minor differences in different implementation of the language. These differences causes difficulty in portability that was attempted to provide. Consequently, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has developed a standerized definition o f the C language. This is called ANSI-c</span><br />
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<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Library Funct.</span></h2>
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</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Library funct carry out some commonly used calculation or operal. They are not part of the language though the implementation of the language needs them. print f(...), san f(...), tan etc are library funct.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Syntax Error:</span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Programming errors are often remain undeceted until the programme is executed. The syntax (or grammatical) errors are those which readily become visible as the programme is run, through these prevent from successful run of the programme. In correct punctuate, improper declare of variables.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Identifier:</span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Identifiers are th names given to various programme element such as funtion, variables, arrays etc.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Keywords:</span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Keywords are some reserved words which have standard preditermined meaning in C. Such as if, for, else etc.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Unary Operator:</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"> In C a class of operators act upon a single operand to produce new value. These operators are called unary operator. Such as i++, i--,etc.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Array:</span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Array is a kind of identifier that refers to a collect of data items that all have same name. The data items must be of same type, i.e. integers, charecters, etc.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07912809743098793887noreply@blogger.com0